The National Electric Safety Code (NESC) includes a clause sometimes referred to as the “5-mA Rule,” which states: For voltages exceeding 98 kV ac to ground, either the clearances shall be increased ...

Lean manufacturing seeks to make clear what adds value by reducing everything else. Lean is clearly not a fixed-point objective; accelerating global market competition demands operational flexibility ...

Part 1 of this series described how digital signals propagate through PC boards [Refs. 1, 2, 5, 6]. In part 2, we look at specific board designs to achieve low EMI. The biggest issue I see in my ...