The maturation threat can operate when biological or psychological changes occur within subjects and these changes may account in part or in total for effects discerned in the study. For example, a ...

The reproducibility crisis in biomedical research presents a new challenge for conducting harm-benefit analysis: how do we improve the validity of studies to maximize the likelihood of benefit? Every ...

Cognitive maps are plans or procedures for completing a task or accomplishing a goal. [8] A cognitive map provides a skeleton for directing the analytical process and guiding the logic of the writing; ...