Nature makes amide bonds—the key linkages that string together amino acids in a polypeptide—like a knitting whiz. The ribosome in Escherichia coli bacteria, for example, can make eight amide bonds in ...

Deformation processes transform solid materials from one shape into another. The initial shape is usually simple (e.g., a billet or sheet blank) and is plastically deformed between tools, or dies, to ...