Abstract: With the continuous progress of science and technology, integrating VR technology into mathematics teaching has become an increasingly significant educational trend. This paper mainly ...

Abstract: Gradient descent algorithms are widely considered the primary choice for optimizing deep learning models. However, they often require adjusting various hyperparameters, like the learning ...

Introduction: This study presents a modified version of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) using an all-optical computational update mechanism. The primary innovation and objective of this ...