During the Cold War, numbers stations became prolific as high-security, low-risk spy tools to send secret messages to operatives in the field. However, as early as World War I, espionage agencies were ...

Abstract: The Substitution Box (S-Box) is the only nonlinear component in block ciphers, playing a crucial role in ensuring the security of the cipher. Various methods for generating S-Boxes have been ...

Abstract: This paper presents a technique for investigating the cyclic properties of substitution boxes (S-boxes) in the Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode of operation. S-boxes provide nonlinear ...

More than 1.6 million immigrants have lost their legal status in the first 11 months of President Trump's presidency. The staggering number includes people who applied for and were accepted to come to ...